29 octubre 2007

Manifiesto Sanitario Contra las Térmicas de Torrelavega y su Comarca


Los profesionales sanitarios tenemos la obligación y la responsabilidad, no sólo de diagnosticar y tratar las enfermedades, sino de prevenir y cuidar la salud de la población. Existe una clara relación entre calidad del aire ambiental y salud. Ante los proyectos de construcción de dos centrales térmicas en Torrelavega y su área de influencia, zona que soporta ya niveles de contaminación elevados (alguno de los cuales supera los recomendados por la legislación) los profesionales de la salud, basándonos en la bibliografía médica actual, MANIFESTAMOS:

1- Los informes de Calidad del Aire elaborados por el Centro de Investigación del Medio Ambiente (CIMA) de la Consejería de Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Cantabria de los años 1999 a 2005, recogen que los habitantes de Torrelavega y Comarca respiran un aire que supera los límites legales de concentración de sulfuro de hidrógeno (H2S) y partículas PM10 (según las mediciones de algunas estaciones de control). Estos compuestos y otros más peligrosos que se encuentran en el aire respirable, son muy perjudiciales para la salud humana

2- La contaminación ambiental, sea cual sea su origen, incrementa la mortalidad y la morbilidad de las personas que viven en un entorno próximo a las fuentes de polución tanto a corto plazo (1, 2, 3) como a largo plazo (4, 5, 6).

3- Las centrales térmicas de ciclo combinado producen emisiones peligrosas de partículas en suspensión, gases y sustancias orgánicas (compuestos volátiles orgánicos) e inorgánicas diversas, con influencia negativa sobre la salud humana (7).

4- Las partículas en suspensión de menos de 10 micras de tamaño y algunos metales pesados (cadmio, cromo, níquel, etc) y sustancias orgánicas (benceno, tolueno, hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos, etc.) surgidos de la combustión, son elementos cancerígenos, es decir responsables de la producción de cáncer en diversos órganos (8, 9, 10), con mención especial al cáncer de pulmón.

5- Aún cuando la ley establece unos límites concretos para la calidad del aire (11), no hay niveles mínimos no tóxicos de partículas en suspensión y otros componentes de la polución para el ser humano (12, 13, 14).

6- Los contaminantes producidos provocan un aumento de la patología respiratoria, tanto aguda (aumento de ingresos por crisis asmáticas y descompensaciones de bronquíticos crónicos, aumento de sus síntomas y del uso de sus medicaciones, más fallecimientos) como crónica (disminución de la función pulmonar, aumento de bronquitis y tos crónica...) (15,16,17).

7- Existe una población especialmente vulnerable: los ancianos (18, 19), pacientes con patología cardiorrespiratoria (20) y los niños (21, 22).

8- Son posibles los efectos de los contaminantes ambientales sobre el feto ya en el vientre de su madre, observándose aumento de nacidos pretérminos y con bajo peso al nacer (23, 24), retraso en el crecimiento uterino y la posibilidad de malformaciones fetales (25, 26).

9- Los niños son más susceptibles a la contaminación ambiental. Existe un aumento de la morbimortalidad infantil por la polución. Y además, algunos de sus efectos pueden tardar años en desarrollarse. Estos datos son suficientes para recomendar una reducción en la exposición de los niños a la polución atmosférica (21).

10- Los niveles de contaminación atmosférica tienen una relación demostrada con patología cardiovascular, siendo más frecuentes las muertes e ingresos hospitalarios por infartos cardiacos, trombosis cerebrales y otras enfermedades circulatorias (27, 28).

Por todo lo anteriormente manifestado, nos sentimos responsables de informar, a la población en general y a nuestros pacientes en particular, de los graves riesgos de los contaminantes emitidos por las centrales térmicas que se pretenden instalar cercanas a la población. No queremos que los habitantes de Torrelavega y su Comarca, y en especial nuestros hijos, sean mañana un referente de la incidencia de asma, cáncer, infartos y de otras patologías.

No vamos en contra de nadie. Defendemos el derecho de cualquier ciudadano a respirar un aire sin riesgos para su salud, por delante de otros argumentos económicos, políticos o laborales. Nuestro futuro empieza por cuidar nuestra salud. Desde la evidencia científica actual pedimos que la contaminación ambiental en nuestra Comarca sea la menor posible y por ello nos oponemos a la construcción de dos centrales térmicas de ciclo combinado. Las autoridades políticas, así como las instituciones legislativas y jurídicas, tienen la obligación y el deber de poner en marcha las alternativas de progreso tecnológicamente viables, económicamente factibles y legislativamente posibles que beneficien nuestra salud y la de nuestros hijos, y que además faciliten un desarrollo sostenible y respetuoso con el medio ambiente.

Los sanitarios y trabajadores de centros sanitarios abajo firmantes lo manifestamos ante la opinión pública, en Torrelavega a Mayo de 2006.


BIBLIOGRAFIA:

1- Samet JM, Dominici , Curriero FC, Coursac I, Zeger SL. Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 U.S. cities, 1987-1994. N Engl J Med 2000;343(24):1742-1749 (Editorial pp. 1798-9).
2- Katsouyanni K, Touloumi G, Samoli E, et al. Confounding and effect modification in the short-term effects of ambient particles on total mortality: results from 29 european cities within the APHEA project. Epidemiology 2001;12:521-531.
3- Ballester F, Iñiguez C, Sáez M, et al. Relación a corto plazo de la contaminación atmosférica y la mortalidad en 13 ciudades españolas. Proyecto EMECAM. Med Clin (Barc) 2003;121(18):684-689.
4- Dockery DW, Pope CA III, Xu X, et al. An association between air pollution and mortality in six US cities. N Engl J Med 1993,329(24):1753-1759 (Editorial pp. 1807-1808).
5- Abbey DE, Nishino N, McDonnell WF, et al. Long-term inhalable particles and other air pollutants related to mortality in non-smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159(2):373-382.
6- Sunyer J. Contaminación atmosférica y mortalidad. Med Clín (Barc) 2002;119:453-454.
7- Ferris J, Garcia J, López JA, et al. Enfermedades asociadas a la polución atmosférica por combustibles fósiles. Aspectos pediátricos. Rev Esp Pediatr 2001;57(3):213-225.
8- Cohen AJ. Outdoor air pollution and lung cancer. Environ Health Perspect. 2000 Aug;108 Suppl 4:743-750.
9- Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 2002;287:1132-1141.
10- Boffeta P, Nyberg F. Contribution of environmental factors to cancer risk. British Medical Bulletin 2003;68:71-94.
11- Real Decreto 1073/2002, de 18 de octubre. B.O.E. Nº260, de 3/10/2002.
12- Health aspects o fair pollution – answers to follow-up questions from CAFÉ. Report on a WHO working group. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2004 (document EUR/04/5046026) (http://www.euro.who.int/document/E82790.pdf).
13- Vedal S, Brauer M, White R, Petkau J. Air pollution and daily mortality in a city with low levels of pollution. Environ Health Perspect 2003;111(1):45-51.
14- Donaldson K, Stone V, Clouter A, Renwick L, MacNee W. Ultrafines particles. Occup Environ Med 2001;58:211-218.
15- Sunyer J. Urban air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review. Eur Respir J 2001;17:1024-1033.
16- Atkinson RW, Anderson HR, Sunyer J, et al. Acute effects of particulate air pollution on respiratory admissions. Results from APHEA project. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:1860-1866.
17- Heinrich J. Nonallergic respiratory morbidity improved along with a decline of traditional air pollution levels: a review. Eur Respir J 2003;21:Suppl. 40, 64s-69s.
18- Aga E, Samoli E, Touloumi G, et al. Short-term effects of ambient particles on mortality in the elderly: results from 28 cities in the APHEA2 project. Eur Respir J 2003;21:Suppl. 40,28s-33s.
19- Anderson HR, Atkinson RW, Bremner SA, Marston L. Particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory diseases: are the elderly at greater risk ?. Eur Respir J 2003;21:Suppl.40,39s-46s.
20- Annesi-Maesano I, Agabiti N, Pistelli R, Couilliot MF, Forastiere F. Subpopulations at increased risk of adverse health outcomes from air pollution. Eur Respir J 2003;21:Suppl. 40,57s-63s.
21- Effects of air pollution on children´s health and development: a review of the evidence. Report on a WHO working group. Copenhagen, Who Regional Office for Europe, 2004. (http://www.euro.who.int/document/E86575.pdf).
22- The vulnerability, sensitivity, and resiliency of the developing embryo, infant, child, and adolescent to the effects of environmental chemicals, drugs, and physical agents as compared to the adult. Pediatrics 2004;113 (Suppl.):932-1172.
23- Perera FP, Rauh V, Tsai WY, et al. Effects of transplacental exposure to environmental pollutants on birth outcomes in a multiethnic population. Environ Health Perspect 2003;111:201-205.
24- Ritz B, Yu F, Chapa G, Fruin S. Effect of air pollution on preterm birth among children born in Southern California between 1989 and 1993. Epidemiology 2000;5:502-511.
25- Dejmek J, Selevan SG, Benes I, Solansky I, Srám RJ. Fetal growth and parental exposure to particulate meter during gestation. Environ Health Perspect 1999;107:475-480.
26- Dolk H, Vrijheid M. The impact of environmental pollution on congenital anomalies. British Medical Bulletin 2003;68:25-45.
27- Tenías Burillo JM, Ballester F. Evidencias sobre la relación entre la contaminación atmosférica y las enfermedades del sistema circulatorio. Gac Sanit 2002;16(Suppl. 2):12-28.
28- Routledge HC, Ayres JG, Townend JN. Why cardiologist should interested in air pollution. Heart 2003;89:1383-1388.

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